In recent decades, the extra money that graduates earn has been touted as a good reason to attend university. But that?has recently come under scrutiny?with evidence suggesting the graduate premium has fallen.

And now two separate papers have found that another supposed benefit of higher education ¨C increased lifetime happiness ¨C is also not quite as straightforward as thought.

, reveals that both higher education graduates and the rest of the population experience a steady increase in well-being as a country¡¯s social and economic prosperity gradually improves.

However, the well-being gains associated with higher education were found to ¡°level off¡± when a country becomes more economically developed.

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Therefore, the paper argues that graduates in countries with lower GDP per capita experience greater relative gains in terms of economic security, social mobility, higher social status and life satisfaction ¨C leading to a higher sense of well-being.

In contrast, the ¡°happiness advantage¡± of a university degree in countries with a higher GDP per capita is less pronounced.

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The paper suggests?that stress and dissatisfaction?can be caused by rising expectations, increased competition and a ¡°relentless emphasis on achievement¡±, particularly among highly educated individuals.

¡°Highly educated individuals in more prosperous countries are generally much happier than their counterparts in less prosperous countries, although they may be less happy than less educated individuals within their own country,¡± writes author Samitha Udayanga, a doctoral candidate at the 51¹ú²úÊÓƵ of Bremen.

This suggests that?the happiness derived from higher education tends to weaken?in wealthier countries, he adds.

?found that the level of happiness associated with completing college has quadrupled since the mid-1970s.

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The study of over 35,000 people in the US showed that higher education has shifted over this time from contributing to happiness through occupations to improving wages.

The ¡°happiness return¡±?of higher education increased over the 45 years of the study and remains higher than the happiness linked to not studying for a degree.

But the researchers discovered it ¡°nosedived¡± in 2021-22 during the Covid-19 pandemic. And satisfaction linked to postgraduate degrees has stalled since the 2000s.

¡°51¹ú²úÊÓƵ graduates in contemporary America have a certain chance of gaining monetary rewards [by] bypassing occupations, resulting in a relatively higher probability of feeling happy,¡± they said. ¡°Meanwhile, the same mechanism rarely operates for advanced degree holders, whose happiness largely depends on their occupational attainment.¡±

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The paper concludes that the overall happiness premium for higher education at both the undergraduate and postgraduate level may ¡°vanish once their economic rewards become less pronounced¡±.

patrick.jack@timeshighereducation.com